Levels of organization of life and the processes at each level

Grade 9 Biology topic: § 2 “Levels of organization of life and the processes at each level” (T. Doolotkeldieva, A. Akhmatova, Ch. Davletova, B. Alymbaeva, pp. 11–15). Six main levels of living nature are distinguished: molecular-genetic, organoid-cellular, organismal, population-species, biogeocenotic and biosphere. The unit of the molecular-genetic level is the gene, a section of a DNA molecule carrying hereditary information about the structure of one protein. The unit of the organoid-cellular level is the cell, and of the organismal level the organism. The unit of the population-species level is the species, represented by populations. Populations together with the non-living environment form a biogeocenosis. All biogeocenoses form the biosphere — the shell of the Earth inhabited and actively transformed by organisms, where cycles of substances and flows of energy take place.